Study of human population is significant in development of a region over a period, more so in case of India where human population had noticed an exponential growth from 1971 to 2011 than the earlier decades, 1971 (54 Crore), 1981(68.33 Crore) 1991 (84.64 Crore) 2001 (102 Crore) 2011 (121Crore). The present study attempts to understand the spatial distribution of human population and its growth at regional as well as state level over the decades. The same may help us to identify and quantify the regional distribution of human population and the trend which may enable to address the region related issues. The study of human Population is concerned not only with the variables, the relationship between population variables in terms of spatial, temporal, economic, political, aspects of a region. The studies of similar nature may help us to delineate the differences between the regions over the decades. One of the efforts is to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of human population, and the trend with the possible precision, to address social and economic issues. Regional distribution human population is not uniform among the five regions, as well as states from 1971 to 2011. The regional concentration of human population confined too few pockets/states where natural advantages are. The growth of human population has wide variation among the regions states and from 1971 to 2011. The study on Spatio - temporal aspects of human population has come across some of the limitations, the prominent limitations include, non-availability and accessibility of classified district wise data to correlate with topography, landscape etc. for the period of 1971 to 2011. Non availability of data related to physio graphic divisions /sub-divisions at national as well as state level had restricted our study to consider state and union territory as one unit to process the data and to regionalize the same to arrive for a possible solution.

The present study has been carried out on the basis of the data collected from the various reliable sources which include the directorate of census Government of India report of 1971 to 2011, the secondary sources which include journals and books. The data had been classified into FIVE REGIONS comprising states and union territories, ie Western, Southern, Eastern Northeastern and Northern respectively. The data had been processed with simple statistical techniques for percentage and ratios, for states and union territories, regional and national level averages to find for the year 1971 to 2011. Further, categorized into various levels /categories to find the differences among the states on distribution, growth patterns, the same data had been used to represent the form of graphs.

India comprises only 2.4 percent of the land, and consist nearly 16.87 percent of the world (2011) population, in other words more than the population of the U. S. A, Russia, Canada, Australia and Brazil together. The spatial distribution of 121 Crore (2011) population in states and UTs is not uniform. Many of the states and union territories consists about three fourth of the total population living in the rural settlements, which has a significant role in the decadal growth of human population, In view of these inequalities an attempt has been made to explore the regional imbalance and inequalities in the growth of human population in case of states as well as region from 1971 to 2011. The rate of growth of human population among the states does not show the uniformity within the five regions. South region 1971 (24 percent) -2011 (26 percent) Northern 1971 (7 percent) 2011 (8 percent) Eastern 1971 (39 percent) - 2011 (41 percent) Western 1971 (24 percent) - 2011 (26 percent) and Northeastern 1971(3.5 percent) - 2011 (3.7 percent) for the said periods respectively. This displays a consistent control over the distribution and growth of population compared with the rest of the regions of India.

The following tables reveal the state wise and decade wise percentage of human population distribution in India 1971 to 2011. The extracted numerical information has been categorized into to five groups based on higher the numerical value greater the level vice versa same identified as Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Very low, respectively. VERY HIGH - The distribution of human population shows the consistency and continuity from 1971 (4 states) against 2011(11 states) the states which were there in 1971 continued to be in 2011. The prominent states include Uttar Pradesh 1971 (8.3cr) (15.29 percent) and in 2011, (19.9 Crore) (16.49 percent) Bihar 1971 (4.2 Crore) (7.6 percent) and in 2011, (10.3 Crore) (8.5 percent) etc. Nearly 11 percent of the states in this category comprises 40 percent of the total population of the country.

Table 1

REGION	STATES	1971	1981	1991	2001	2011
SOUTH
1	Karnataka	5.344	5.434	5.313	5.126	5.0513
2	Kerala	3.894	3.724	3.437	3.094	2.7588
3	Tamil Nadu	7.515	7.084	6.599	6.037	5.9609
4	A Pradesh	7.936	7.836	7.857	7.361	12.101
5	Pondicherry	0.086	0.088	0.095	0.094	0.1028
6	Lakshadweep	0.006	0.005	0.006	0.005	0.0053
7	Andaman and	0.021	0.027	0.033	0.034	0.0313
	TOTAL	24.802	24.198	23.34	21.751	26.0114
NORTH
8	Jammu and K	0.842	0.876	0.911	0.978	1.036
9	H Pradesh	0.631	0.3	0.61	0.59	0.566
10	Punjab	2.472	2.456	2.396	2.361	2.289
11	Haryana	1.83	1.891	1.945	2.049	2.128
12	Uttarakhand	0.819	0.838	0.833	0.825	0.835
13	Delhi	0.741	0.91	1.113	1.346	1.384
14	Chandigarh	0.046	0.066	0.075	0.087	0.087
	TOTAL	7.381	7.337	7.883	8.236	8.325
EAST
15	Chhattisgarh	2.123	2.05	2.081	2.025	2.11
16	Orissa	4.003	3.859	3.74	3.568	3.466
17	Jharkhand	2.595	2.577	2.58	2.619	2.724
18	West Bengal	8.083	7.987	8.043	7.798	7.548
19	Uttar p	15.29	15.38	15.6	16.14	16.49
20	Bihar	7.685	7.654	7.624	8.056	8.577
	TOTAL	39.779	39.507	39.668	40.206	40.915
WEST
21	Rajasthan	4.7	5.028	5.199	5.489	5.67
22	Gujarat	4.87	4.988	4.88	4.918	4.989
23	Madya Pradesh	5.475	5.585	5.737	5.869	5.998
24	Daman and Diu	0.011	0.011	0.012	0.015	0.02
25	D,N Haveli	0.013	0.015	0.016	0.021	0.028
26	Goa	0.145	0.147	0.138	0.131	0.12
27	Maharashtra	9.196	9.187	9.325	9.404	9.285
	TOTAL	24.41	24.961	25.307	25.847	26.11
N. EAST
28	Sikkim	0.038	0.046	0.047	0.052	0.05
29	Assam	2.668	2.64	2.648	2.589	2.575
30	Arunachal P	0.085	0.092	0.102	1.028	0.114
31	Meghalaya	0.184	0.195	0.209	0.224	0.244
32	Mizoram	0.06	0.072	0.081	0.086	0.09
33	Manipur	0.195	0.207	0.217	0.223	0.224
34	Nagaland	0.094	0.113	0.143	0.193	0.163
35	Tripura	0.184	0.3	0.325	0.31	0.303
	TOTAL	3.508	3.665	3.772	4.705	3.763

High: The states and Union Territories have noticed inconsistency in the population size, 1971 (2 states) 2011 (3 states). Nearly 30percent (10 states) of states and union territories contribute. Of which West Bengal 1971(4.4 crore) (8 percent) 2011 (9.1 Crore) (7.5 percent), followed by Tamil Nadu 1971, (4.1 Crore) (7.5 percent) 2011 (7.2 Crore) (5.9 percent). The states having lowest population in this category are Jharkhand 1971 (1.4 crore) (2.5 percent), 2011 (3.2 Crore) (2.7 percent) and Assam 1971 (1.4 crore ) (2.6 percent), ( 2011, 3.1 Crore) (2.5 percent). The other states in this category are from the southern peninsular India. 30 percent of the states in this category have 20 percent of total population of the country.Moderate: The distribution is inconsistent no specific pattern from 1971 - 2011. Together 4 states which include Gujarat 1971(2.6 Crore) (4.8 percent) 2011 (6 Crore) (4.9 percent), Punjab 1971(1.3 Crore) (2.4 percent), 2011 (2.7 Crore) (2.2 percent). The states with the lowest population are Haryana 1971 (1 Crore) (1.8 percent) 2011 (2.5 percent) (2.1 percent), Chhattisgarh 1971 (1.1 Crore) (2.1 percent) 2011 (2.5 Crore) (2.1 percent), 11 percent of the states in this category have 11 percent of total populationLow: The population of the states which were decreasing up to 2001 and then increasing in later years. There are 3 states Jammu and Kashmir in 1971 (4.6 Lakhs, 0.8 percent) 2011 (1.1 crore) (1 percent) followed by Uttarakhand in 1971(44 Lakhs) (0.8 percent) and in 2011 (1.01 Crore) (0.8 percent). The states having the lowest population are Delhi in 1971 (40 Lakhs) (0.7 percent) and in 2011(1.6 Crore) (1.3 percent). There is a sudden increase in population of Delhi from 2011. Together 9 percent of the states in this category have 24 percent of total populationVery low: The number of states and union territories in 1971 (18 states) relatively show more than half of the total, against 2011 (15 states). The prominent states includes Himachal Pradesh 1971 (34 lakh) (0.6 percent) 2011 (68 lakh) (0.5 percent), Tripura 1971 (15 lakh) (0.1 percent ) 2011(36 lakh) (0.3 percent) the lower populated states/UTs include Lakshadweep island in 1971(32,000) (0.006 percent ), 2011 (64,000) (0.005 percent), followed by Daman and Diu 1971 (63,000) (0.01 percent) 2011 (2.4 lakh) (0.02 percent). 43 percent of the states/Union Territories in this category have 5 percent of total population.

The percentage wise distribution of human population in terms of states and Union Territories in the Southern region shows that Andhra Pradesh 1971 (7.9 percent) and 2011 (12.1 percent), Tamil Nadu 1971 (7.5 percent) and 2011 (5.9 percent) and Karnataka 1971 (5.3 percent) and 2011 (5 percent) are in leading position comparing with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011(2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011(3.7 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011. Whereas except Kerala where state average is less than the national average (regional average 1971 (3.8 percent) and 2011 (2.7 percent).

Rest of the union territories were insignificant against the above mentioned states, from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is uniform over the decades 1981, 1991 and 2001. Nearly 20 percent of states comprise 24 percent of the total population. Displayed stable within the regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011(3.7 percent) and the national average over the years i e from 1971 (2.8 percent) – 2011 (2.8 percent).

The states of Northern region, in which Punjab 1971 (2.4 percent) and 2011 (2.2 percent) and Haryana 1971(1.8 percent) and 2011 (2.1 percent) are in leading position compared with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (1.04 percent) and 2011 (1.18 percent), 1971 and 2011. All other states viz Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Delhi and Chandigarh have less population distribution pattern for the respective decades. Except Delhi rest of the states have seen increasing trend in the population distribution from 1991 and onwards with uniform population distribution from 1971 to 2011.Nearly 20 percent of the states of India and the region in this category has 7.38 percent of total population. The distribution of human population over the decade has shown slight increase within the states, regional average 1971 (1.04 percent) and 2011 (1.18 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 is (2.8 percent).

The Eastern region in which Uttar Pradesh 1971 (15.2 percent) and 2011 (16.4 percent), Bihar 1971 (7.6 percent) and 2011 (8.5 percent) and West Bengal 1971 (8 percent) and 2011 (7.5 percent ) are leading, compared with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (6.6 percent) and 2011 (6.8 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011. All other states like Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand have less population from their respective decades. The summary is from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is uniform for the year 1981, 1991 and 2001. 17.14 percent of the states in this category has 39.79 percent of the total population. The distribution of human population over the decade has shown slight increase within the states, regional average 1971 (6.6 percent) and 2011 (6.8 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 is (2.8 percent)

The Western region in which Maharashtra 1971 (9.1 percent) and 2011 (9.2 percent), Madhya Pradesh 1971 (5.4 percent) and 2011 (5.9 percent), Gujarat 1971 (4.8 percent) and 2011 (4.9 percent) and Rajasthan 1971 (4.7 percent ) and 2011 (5.67 percent) are in leading position comparing with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent ) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (3.4 percent ) and 2011 (4.35 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011. All other states like Daman and Diu, Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli have negligible population from their respective decades. The summary is from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is nit uniform for the year 1981, 1991 and 2001. 20 percent of the states in this category have 24.41 percent of the total population. The distribution of human population over the decade has shown increase within the states, regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011 (4.35 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 (2.8 percent).

The Northeastern region in which Assam 1971 (2.6 percent) and 2011 (2.5 percent) is the leading state in comparison only to regional average, national average is higher than this. All other states have population concentration less than regional as well as national average. The states with low population are Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura. There is a uniform distribution of human population in this category from 1971 to 2011. 22.85 percent of the states in this category have 3.5 percent of the total population. The distribution of human population over the decade has shown increase within the states, regional average 1971 (0.42 percent) and 2011 (0.71 percent) and the national average 1971 and 2011 (2.8 percent).

In this paper the effort was to explore the regional inequalities in the growth of population in states and union territories, as well as different regions. The rate of growth of human population in India on an average, as well as states and Union Territories had noticed a considerable and consistent decline from 1971-81 (30.6 percent) 1981-91 (23.86 percent) 1991-2001 (21.34 percent) and 2001-2011 (19.22 percent).that too between 1981–1991, whereas 1991 to 2011 the rate of growth is nearer to 2 percent, which is so insignificant against previous period. The same has been considered to compare with REGIONAL and NATIONAL growth of population. The extracted result shows that the rate of growth of human population among the states does not show the uniformity within the states, as well as respective five regions. Among the prominent regions the South region displayed a consistent control over growth compared to the rest of the regions, Western, Northeastern regions of India. The Eastern region comprises high concentration and high growth of human population over the successive decades. The kind of growth in population and the rate of growth has coupled with measures that are changing in volume over time.

Table 3

Classification	71-81	%	81-91	%	91-01	%	01-11	%
O-1(VLOW)	2	5.7	1	2.8	1	2.8	5	14.28
1-2(LOW)	1	2.8	5	14.28	13	37.14	16	45.71
2-3(MOD)	20	57.14	18	51.42	14	40	11	31.42
3-4(HIGH)	6	17.14	7	20	2	5.7	1	2.8
4&<(V HIGH)	6	17.14	4	11.4	5	14.2	2	5.7
Total	35	100	35	100	35	100	35	100

The processed data on population display about the absolute growth rate in human population states and union territories 1971 - 2011. These states and union territories have been categorized into FIVE groups in order to understand the growth rate and number of states and union territories along with rate of growth over decades, respectively.Very High – High: The states and Union territories in 1971 (6 states) 2011 (2 states) with very high growth rate Chandigarh 1971 (76.18 percent) Mizoram (48.84 percent). In 2011 (2states).In this highest among this Dadra and Nagar (58.55 percent) and lowest Daman and Diu (53.54 percent).17.14 percent of the states are in this category out of total. The states in the high category group in 1971 include 6 states and in 2011 only 1 state. The highest growth rate among the 1971 Dadra n Nagar (39.28 percent) and lowest Tripura (31.91 percent). In this highest among the 2011 Pondicherry (33.64 percent).17.14 percent of the states are in this category out of the total.Moderate: The number of states display decrease in the growth, 1971 (20 states) 2011 (11 states). The highest growth rate among 1971 Haryana (28.75 percent) and lowest growth rate is Orissa (20.16 percent). In 2011 the highest was the state of Meghalaya (27.82 percent) and lowest is Madhya Pradesh (20.03 percent). 7 percent of the states are in this category out of total.Low: In this category of the states display gradual increase, 1971 (1 state) 2011 (16 states). Tamil Nadu1971 (17.49 percent) 2011(16 states). Highest among Gujarat and Uttaranchal both are same (19.17 percent) and Lowest Andhra Pradesh (11.01 percent). 0.35 percent of the states are in this category out of total.Very Low: The states being flexible 1971 (2 states) 2011 (5 states) have the Highest growth rate among 1971 Kerala (9.01 percent) and lowest Pondicherry (NA) with a population of Growth rate. In 2011 (5 states). In this Highest among this Goa (8.17 percent) & lowest is Nagaland (-0.42 percent). 0.7 percent of the states are in this category out of total.

The states with distribution of growth rate in the Eastern region are Uttar Pradesh 1971 (25.35 percent) 2011 (20.09 percent) followed by Bihar 1971 (24.15 percent) 2011 (25.07 percent). Compare to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011 (19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (22.83 percent) 2011 (32.81percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Orissa (20.16 percent) 2011 (13.97 percent) Chhattisgarh 1971 (20.38 percent) 2011 (22.59 percent) It has uniform growth rate Pattern in 1971 and 2011.(17.14 percent) states are there in this category. The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent increase within the states, regional average 1971 (22.83 percent) and 2011(32.81 percent) and the national average 1971 (30.60 percent) and 2011(19.22 percent).

The growth rate in the Northeastern region show in table, In which Sikkim in 1971 (50.72 percent) and 2011(12.36 percent) followed by Nagaland 1971 (50.27 percent) 2011(-0.42 percent).as compare to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011(19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (38.05 percent) 2011(17.28 percent) and state with low density 1971 Assam (23.35 percent) 2011 (16.93 percent) and Tripura 1971 (31.91 percent) 2011 (14.75 percent). It has a uniform growth rate pattern in 1971 and 2011. 20 percent of the states are there in this category. The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states, regional average 1971 (38.05 percent) and 2011 (17.28 percent) and the national average in 1971 (30.60 percent) and 2011(19.22 percent).

Western region show, Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1971 (39.28 percent) 2011(58.55 percent) followed by Rajasthan 1971(33.36 percent) 2011 (21.44 percent).as comprise to national average 1971(30.60 percent) 2011 (19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (29.34 percent) 2011 (28.12 percent) and the states with low density are Maharashtra 1971 (24.53 percent) 2011 (15.99 percent) and Goa 1971 (26.68 percent) 2011(8.17 percent). It has uniform growth rate pattern 1971 and 2011, nearly 20 percent states are in this category. The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states. The regional average 1971 (29.34 percent) and 2011 (28.12 percent) and the national average in 1971 (30.60 percent) and 2011 (19.22 percent).

The growth rate in the Northern region shows Chandigarh 1971 (76.18 percent) 2011 (17.01 percent) followed by Delhi 1971 (52.98 percent) 2011 (20.96 percent). As comprise to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011 (19.22 percent) and regional average in 1971 (37.46 percent) and 2011 (18.00 percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Himachal Pradesh (23.70 percent) 2011 (12.81 percent) and Punjab 1971 (23.89 percent) 2011 (13.73 percent) . It has a uniform growth rate pattern from 1971 and 2011. 20 percent of the states are there in this category. The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states. Regional average 1971 (37.46 percent) 2011 (18 percent) and the national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011(19.22 percent)

In Southern region shows Andaman and Nicobar island 1971 (63.53 percent) 2011 (6.68 percent) followed by Karnataka 1971 (26.74 percent) 2011 (15.67 percent).as comprise to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011(19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (23.17 percent) 2011 (13.30 percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Kerala (9.01 percent) 2011 (4.86 percent) and Tamil Nadu 1971 (17.49 percent) 2011 (15.06 percent). It has uniforms growth rate pattern 1971 and 2011 (22.85 percent) states are there in this category. The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states, regional average 1971 (23.17 percent) 2011 (13.3 percent) and the national average 1971 (30.60 percent), 2011 (19.22 percent).

The distribution of human population in states and union territories in India displayed consistent increase from 1971 to 2011, some of the regions/states have higher share in comparison to rest of the states where the volume is insignificant, especially Northeastern states and Islands. The states like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh have registered the highest population distribution against other states of India from 1971-2011.The state with the highest population in 1971 Uttar Pradesh with the population of 8.3 Crore and in 2011 Uttar Pradesh with population of 19.9 Crore. The state with lowest in 1971 Lakshadweep Island (32,000 persons) 2011 (64,000 persons). Out of all the states and union territories of India the rate of increase of population is increasing as well, with inconsistency in their size.

The growth rate, and growth trend of human population in all five regions of India from 1971-2011. Increase in the growth rate in India 1971 – 1981, (30.6 percent) against 2001-2011 (19.22 percent).because of the less increase in the population and also because of awareness among the general public on better, and quality family life. In 1971-1981 the highest growth rate among the states and union territory having the highest population is Chandigarh (76.18 percent) and in 2011 it has decreased to 17.01 percent but in 2011, the state with the highest growth rate is Dadra & Nagar (58.55 percent) and in 1971 it was 39.28 percent. There increase in growth rate of Dadra & Nagar from 1971-2011, One may summarize that there is decrease in growth rate from 1971-2011 in all the major states and union territory of India.