Flood inundation is the most common and one of the most serious natural disaster phenomena around the world. Hazards associated with flooding can be divided into primary hazards that occur due to contact with water, secondary effects that occur because of the flooding, such as disruption of services, health impacts, famine and disease, and tertiary effects such as changes in the position. Throughout the last century flooding has been one of the costliest disasters in terms of both property damage and human casualties.

Flooding is one of the most damaging natural hazards to human societies. Recent decades have shown that flooding constitutes major threats worldwide, and due to anticipated climate change the occurrence of damaging flood events is expected to increase. It occurs when too much water exists for the carrying capacity and infiltration rates of the soil. Areas prone to flooding are floodplains and are generally located near a waterway.

In recent decades, flooding increased profoundly largely due to hydrological characteristics changes. These floods usually occurred annually during the Monsoon from July to October. Following the population growth, it accentuates human activities such as uncontrolled development where green areas initially function as natural sponge have been paved

There was considerable increase in the occurrence of floods and flood-related damage globally during 2006. The flood events accounted for nearly 55% of all disasters registered and approx. 72.5% of total economic losses worldwide. This is the reason why flooding is considered as the world’s costliest type of natural disaster in terms of both human causalities and property damage. The annual disaster review indicates that flood occurrence has increased almost 10-fold during the last 45 years, from just 20 events in 1960, to 190 events in 2005. In India, about 40 million ha of land is flood prone, which is about 12% of the total geographical area (328 million ha) of the country. The flooding occurs typically during the monsoon season (July–September), caused by the formation of heavy tropical storms, ever decreasing channel capacity due to encroachments on river beds, and sometime due to tidal backwater effects from the sea.

The HEC-RAS model is one of the most popular hydraulic models, recently used in many studies for dam break analysis, preparation flood inundation maps, flood prone area, water surface elevation map (Knebl et al). The Results of the HEC-RAS will help to identify the height of flood prevention structures in the flood prone area. The purpose of the study is preparation of flood Inundation map using HEC-RAS model and GIS with prediction of water spread, depth of water along with probable maximum flood.

The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of two rivers, the Tunga River and the Bhadra River which originates in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats and joins at Kudali village in Shimoga District at an elevation of about 610metres. It flows along the mutual boundary of Bellary and Raichur districts and joins the river Krishna near Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh. Major tributaries of the Tungabhadra River are the Bhadra, the Haridra, the Vedavati, the Tunga, the Varda, and the Kumdavathi.

The study area is a part of the Tungabhadra River extracted from the main river which is located near the discharge site Haralahalli. Haralahalli is a small Village/hamlet in Haveri Taluk in Haveri District of Karnataka State, India. It comes under Haralahalli Panchayath. It belongs to Belgaum Division. It is located 33 KM towards East from District headquarters Haveri. 21 KM from Haveri. 344 KM from State capital Bangalore the lower stream and upper stream is extracted based on tributary from the mainstream.

It flows for a distance of 293 km. in the State of Karnataka. It has a total drainage area of 47287 square kilometers. The average annual discharge of Tungabhadra at its confluence with Krishna is 14700 million m3. Tungabhadra River in total constitutes 104 watersheds, covering a total area of 70075.89 sq. km.

These are the main objectives which will be persuaded to achieve the aim above.

The methodology/procedures followed in the project work are the process involved in determining the water surface level and depth of the inundated water, inundation boundary, and velocity of the river.

Figure 3

The SRTM-DEM image downloaded from USGS Earth Explorer is used for generating Geometry for determining the river reach by digitizing the streamline, bank line, flow path, and cross-sections.

The length of the river reach considered for the analysis is 17800.82 meters and the width of the river varies in each cross-section for different years. These geometric data (River, Bank line, Flow path) is then used to perform the unsteady flow analysis with the discharge data. The first cross-section and the last cross-section determine the upstream and lower stream boundary respectively.

Figure 5

The manning values of the study area are given as 0.035 and 0.05 based on the geometric data (ruggedness and roughness of the terrain). And the normal depth is given as 0.001.

Figure 6

The discharge data is entered in the unsteady flow data as the flow hydrograph for the upstream boundary i.e. the first cross-section or river station. For the downstream boundary i.e. the last cross-section the normal depth is entered as 0.001.

Keeping in mind the objective of the research of this study, the analysis was carried out. The results are presented in the form of maps, tables and histograms. They include some static change in the inundation boundary of Haralahalli Discharge Site in Tungabhadra Basin.

We can see that the maximum and the minimum water surface elevation for the year 2006 is the highest in 2006 and the lowest in 2016. Subsequently, the result shows a decrease in the volume of water flowing at each cross-section in 2006, 2011, 2016. The depth of the water is also decreasing, in 2006 the average depth was approximately 9 meters, and in 2011 it decreased to 7 meters, and similarly, in 2016 it went down to 4 meters. It can also be seen on the map that the maximum and minimum inundated boundary is varying. Since the ground elevation (river bed) of the area is approximately 10 meters less than the ground elevation of the area.

The depth of the river is decreasing consequently, as seen in this study. The reason for this can be the sedimentation or the depositional activities happening under the river. Another reason can be the discharge of the water that is flow, it can be seen in the table below that the flow has also a decrease in its level.

So, from this study, it is seen that the river is under the deprivation of water. The width of the river, it's surface water elevation, its depth is decreasing. The study area falls in the middle of the basin where the terrain is mostly plain with minimum rainfall so it can be recommended to induce rainwater harvesting and building of dams to store water.

Though there is no increase in the water surface elevation or the depth of the river in the last 10 years, if in the future the discharge level reaches its peak, maybe 20times more than it is seen now, then there will be an obvious chance of flood in the floodplain area. So, this study can be used for future reference purposes. Below are the graphs showing the discharge and the stage data of the Haralahalli site for upper stream and lower stream for the year 2006, 2011, and 2016

The maps below show the maximum and the minimum Inundation boundary of the Tungabhadra river for the years 2006, 2011, and 2016. The minimum Inundated boundary is highest for the year 2006 and lowest for the year 2016, which clearly says that there is no flood in the floodplains and nearby areas

Figure 23

Figure 24

The changes can be seen and compare among the three years 2006, 2011, 2016. It can be seen in Discharge level, velocity, and depth at each cross-section of the river

This paper presents a methodology for developing a flood model for the Haralahalli Discharge site, Tungabhadra river. The hydraulic modeling with GIS integration makes the modeling process easy and produces more easily understandable results. In this study, a part of the Tungabhadra main river was taken as the study area at the Haralahalli discharge site. The study area consists of a few locations where the floodplain area is utilized for farming while the other consists of residential areas.To sum up of the current work is that the HEC-RAS (one-dimensional model) can be used successfully to get the maximum and the minimum water inundation boundary. Also, GIS is the viable software to generate the maps of water inundated areas as estimated by HEC-RAS for different peak outflow scenarios. It is, therefore, necessary to make proper plans to reduce the risk associated with flooding events in the country. Remote sensing technique integrated with GIS has proved to be the most effective way of identifying and mapping the flood inundated areas. There is an immense need to apply remote sensing and GIS methods to map the flood vulnerable areas in the region by using more advanced available techniques. There is a great potential in the current field of research encompassing various hydrological and climatological application scenarios. It is envisaged that further work in the current field will help us to better understand the flow and inundation and its consequent results for the policymakers and planners. The resulting flood inundation maps are useful for municipal planning purposes, emergency action plans, flood insurance rates, and ecological studies. So, it can be concluded that though there is no increase in water level but future floods may occur, and this model can be proved handy for real-time flood mapping in case of emergency and immediate relief measures can be adopted accordingly if in case any future flood occurs in the river.

Safaripour, M., Monavari, M., Zare, M., Abedi, Z., & Gharagozlou, A. (2012). Flood Risk Assessment Using GIS (Case Study: Golestan Province, Iran). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.