Urbanisation has been a significant social and economic phenomenon occurring on an unprecedented scale and rate around the world (Sun et al., 2013). The urban areas cover a very small fraction of the world’s land surface, their rapid expansion has significantly altered the natural landscape and created enormous environmental, ecosystem, and social impacts (Berling-Wolff and Wu, 2004, Grimm et al., 2000, Mundia and Murayama, 2010, Pickett et al., 2001, Weber and Puissant, 2003). The unplanned and uncontrolled rapid growth has resulted in serious negative effects on urban dwellers and their environment (Chadchan and Shankar, 2012). From 1960 to 2019 the Landuse Landcover LULC has been changed and it has impacted one-third of the world (Winkler et al. 2021). Urbanization is a gift to human society if it is controlled, coordinated and planned.

Urbanisation is a phrase derived from the Latin word Urb', which means city. An urban area is a territory with a high population density and concentrated settlements. Urbanisation is the socioeconomic process of transforming rural areas into urban centers. Urban expansion is the process by which economic agglomerations expand and contract. The pattern of concentration and evolution of economic activity has been shown to have a substantial impact on urbanisation, city layout, economic activity organisation, and national economy expansion.

LULC is a being a critical issue (Verburg et al. 2000; Lambin et al. 2003; Gao et al. 2015). The built-up is generally considered the parameter for quantifying urban sprawl (Torrens and Alberti, 2000; Barnes et al., 2001, Epstein et al., 2002). The uncontrolled change created environmental and socio-economic challenges (Fitawork et al. 2020). Rapid urbanization is accountable for the complicated pattern of urban physical enlargement and growth (Mohamed et al., 2020).

Change patterns are the result of complex interactions between humans and the physical environment (Verburg et al., 2004; Rahimi 2016). spatial design is an important determinant of many ecological and socio-economic processes (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011; Shen et al. 2011). Urban growth model and geographic understanding provide the data needed to analyze the impact of population growth on changes (Asranjani et al., 2013; Patra, et al., 2018). 

The determinants of urban change are driven by population growth and land consumption constraints and possibilities, economic and social factors, spatial interactions, and urban policy and their effectiveness (Shixu et al. 2014; Mohamed et al., 2020). The main factor in the city that influenced change was the large-scale human activity such as affordable housing, transportation and industry, service, and market (Angélil & Hebel, 2016).

Intense anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization and industry, have a major impact on demographic characteristics and physical landscape changes. Rapid change brings unsustainable urban development and environmental problems (Cetin, 2016). Analysing urban growth through time would be a tool that supports the analysis of the causes and consequences of change (Verburg et al., 2004; Arsiso et al., 2018).

Land cover (LULC) change has become a critical issue for decision planners and conservationists due to inappropriate growth and its effect on natural ecosystems. Such activities are important issues and challenges for urban and state planners and environmentalists to shape environmentally friendly and sustainable urban economic growth (Singh, 2003; Verburg et al., 2017). Moreover, rapid urbanization has a significant impact on change by changing open space, and agriculture to built-up urban impervious surfaces (Devendran & Banon, 2022). Urban land expansion is the root cause of many environmental and societal modifications (Gao and O’Neill 2020).

Satellite-based remote sensing (RS) data with GIS techniques are found to be most effective in characterising the LULC changes in the spatiotemporal framework and integrating the associated driving factors (Aneesha Satya et al. 2020; Fichera et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2015). Changes in land cover are an important manifestation of human interactions with the environment, with manifold consequences for ecosystems and human livelihoods (DeFries et al., 2007, Foley et al., 2005). Measuring land-use/cover change (LUCC) is complicated by the dynamic nature of human-managed landscapes, which experience changes at multiple scales, and not necessarily at the same time (Altieri, 2009, Wrigley, 1971). Urbanization associated with modified LU/LC patterns is responsible for various issues related to the environment (Malik et al., 2020; Mohammad & Goswami, 2019). 

A methodology is developed to know about the changes. Two Multi-spectral Landsat satellite images were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for the year 2001, and 2021 to extract the LULC. Landsat satellites have the best land resolution and spectral bands to monitor effectively and record LULC changes as a result of urbanization. These two satellite images were taken in the same month (April) to avoid the seasonal effects during data analysis. After the pre-processing of satellite images, the land cover identification has to be done using a supervised classification method with a maximum likelihood algorithm. It is necessary to do the change detection analysis. The identified and land cover classes for each year, the method suggested by the National Remote Sensing Agency in level-I classification has to follow. Ground truth data and field checks need to be carried out to finalize the maps.

LULC refers to the use of land for activities such as agriculture, conservation, development, parks, wildlife habitats, urban areas, or any other activity, as well as the results of human-environment interactions in a specific location, as influenced by socioeconomic dynamics and climate change processes Identification of LULC has become a key component of sustainability research and is essential for assessing regional, local, and global environmental change. On land, human influence and population have grown significantly over the past century, and change is a dynamic and ongoing process over time. For effective planning, sustainable development, environmental monitoring, global change, and the calculation of forest degradation, accurate and up-to-date LULC maps are crucial.

LULC adjustments in the Palakkad Gap region's Pudusseri Grama panchayat. Agriculture occupied the majority of Puduserri grama panchayat's land in 2001, making up around 3373.52 hectares of the grama panchayat's overall area. However, in 2021, there were only 2487.38 hectares of arable land. About 430.65 hectares of land were considered to be built in 2001. But as of 2021, there are now roughly 1002.01 hectares of built-up land. In 2001, there was less vegetation; it covered roughly 1349.85 hectares. However, it was amended to 2064.66 hectares in 2021. In the year 2001, there were roughly 1352.39 hectares of wasteland. It has dropped by roughly 955.13 hectares in 2021. The waterbodies were approximately 277.89 hectares in size in 2001, but by 2021 they had shrunk to 275.12 hectares. The total area of land in 2001 was roughly 6784.3 hectares. About 6784.3 hectares of land were present overall in 2021.

The idea of the study reveals that the Puduserri Grama panchayat is urbanized day by day. The changes themselves debit that and the urbanization also increases. From the analysis done it is clear that the urbanization increases and the land use also has been increases both go hand in hand and are directly proportional. When urbanization increases land use also increases. Even though the development is taking place there are a lot of things that need to be taken care of.

Palakkad Gap or Palghat Gap is a low mountain pass in the Western Ghats between Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu and Palakkad in Kerala. It has an average elevation of 140 meters with a width of 24–30 kilometers. The pass is located between the Nilgiri Hills to the north and Anaimalai Hills to the south.

Urban expansion is the process of economic agglomerations expanding and contracting. Urbanization, the layout of cities, the organisation of economic activity, and the expansion of the national economy have all been proven to be significantly influenced by the pattern of concentration of economic activity and its evolution. Palakkad Gap or Palghat Gap is a low mountain pass in the Western Ghats between Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu and Palakkad in Kerala. It is between 24 and 30 km wide, with an average elevation of 140 meters. The Palakkad gap will offer a variety of opportunities for people in the future, hence Palakkad's growth as an urban core is crucial. The difference significantly affects the summertime temperature in Kerala's Palakkad Plain. The study's primary goals were to assess the changes in land cover in the Puduserri grama panchayat in the Palakkad gap area and to calculate the rate of urban growth in terms of built-up area.