The following stream metrics were calculated: stream order, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio, and bifurcation ratio.

According to the 4 method of stream hierarchical ranking, the designation of stream order was given. Higher frequency is noted in the case of the first order stream, it has been reported. Additionally, it was discovered that stream order grows as stream frequency falls. A higher stream order is related to a higher discharge 2. A high stream frequency denotes limited permeability and infiltration capacity as a large portion of the water will be swiftly drained via the stream networks. The Mandovi river has a dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage structure and is a 7^th -order river. The river basin is made up of 1395 1^st -order drainages, 709 2^nd -order drainages, and 360 3^rd -order drainages. The 4^th, 5^th and 6^th-order drainages total approximately 253, 94, and 25, respectively. In the case of the 7^th (24) order drainages, only a few stream numbers are present.

A basin’s surface runoff features are correlated with stream length 3. 1st order has a longer stream length, which reduces as the stream order increases 7. Small stream lengths represent high slopes and fine texture, while large stream lengths represent smoother slopes. The link between the number of streams and stream length is seen in Fig. 5. The 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, and 7^th order drainages are characterized by soft and flat surfaces. In contrast, the 1st, 2^nd, and 3^rd -order drainages are confined primarily to mountainous locations. The length of all stream orders combined is 2213.88 Km. About 70% of the overall stream length is made up of the streams in the 1^st and 2^nd orders, with the remaining 30% being shared by all other stream orders combined.

The mean stream length was computed by dividing the overall length of the stream order by the total number of streams of order 4. The mean stream length is found to be largest in lower-order streams and lowest in higher-order streams. This is primarily attributable to the area's varied topography and slope. The mean stream length and mean annual runoff are directly correlated; a high mean stream length denotes a comparatively large mean annual runoff. According to 4, the relatively low mean annual runoff corresponds to a smaller mean stream length. The average annual discharge is higher in 3^rd to 7^th-order streams in the Mandovi river basin. In the 1^st and 2^nd -order streams, there is hardly much runoff.

The higher-order of stream length is divided by the subsequent lower-order stream segments to calculate the stream length ratio (Horton1932, n.d.). According to 8, the stream length ratio has a significant impact on the basin's surface flow, discharge, and erosional features. Because of variations in slope and terrain, as well as changes in stream length ratios from one order to another, the ratio between the streams of different orders reveals significant changes in the basin8. The stream length ratio ranges from 0.53 to 1.28 in the Mandovi river basin, with the 7th-order streams having a greater ratio and the 6th-order streams having a lower one.

The bifurcation ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of stream segments in one order to the number of segments in the next higher order 9. The bifurcation ratio is primarily influenced by the physiography, climate, and slope of the terrain. A drainage network's branching structure and bifurcation ratio are related. The early hydrograph peak shown by the relatively high bifurcation ratio indicates the possibility of flash flooding during storm events. The mean bifurcation ratio's relatively low value shows the basin's geological heterogeneity, increased permeability, and lessened structural control 10. In general, bifurcation ratio values between 3 and 5 show that the drainage pattern is not primarily influenced by the geologic features. The bifurcation ratios range from 1.04 to 3.76 with a mean of 2.14 in the Mandovi river basin.

The basin's area and the total runoff are directly correlated with the storm's hydrograph peak 10. The size of a river basin and mean annual discharge are strongly correlated. The basin boundary's overall length is referred to as the perimeter. The Mandovi river basin has a surface area of 1983.45 km2 and a perimeter of 413.95 km.

The drainage density is determined as the sum of all streams' lengths relative to the drainage area (Horton1932, n.d.). Climate, rock type, relief, infiltration capability, vegetation cover, surface roughness, and run-off intensity index all affect drainage density 1. Low relief, dense vegetation cover, and low drainage density are all signs of extremely resistant or permeable subsoil 8. The strong or impermeable underlying material, little vegetation, and high relief are all indicators of high drainage density 10. The Mandovi River Basin has a drainage density of 1.12 km/km2.

The number of stream lengths in all orders per area perimeter is used to calculate drainage texture 11. When drainage density is low, the drainage texture is coarse, and when drainage density is great, the drainage texture is fine. The texture ratio was employed by Smith et al.11 to quantify the proximity of one stream to another. The drainage texture is divided into five categories: extremely coarse (2), coarse (between 2 and 4), moderate (between 4 and 6), fine (between 6 and 8), and very fine (> 8). The Mandovi river basin's drainage texture is 6.91, which is considered to be of fine texture.

The total number of stream segments for all orders in a given unit of area can be used to compute the stream frequency 7. According to Arulbalaji & Padmalal8 and Chatterjee & Tantubay 12, drainage density and stream frequency is positively correlated. In its catchment, the Mandovi river exhibits low stream frequency (0.14).

The ratio between the diameter of a circle with the same area as the drainage basin and the basin's greatest length is known as the elongation ratio 9. According to Strahler 4, an elongation ratio close to 1 denotes very low relief, while 0.6 to 0.8 denotes significant relief and a moderate to steep ground slope. Based on the elongation ratio, the shape of the river basin can be classified as circular (> 0.9), oval (0.9 - 0.8), and elongated (0.7)8. The Mandovi river basin has an elongation ratio of 0.70, which is within the elongation entity.

The circulatory ratio can be understood as the watershed's ability to discharge water 13. The basin's length and stream frequency, geological formations, land use and cover, climate, relief, slope, and drainage pattern all affect the circulatory ratio 14. From 0 to 1, the circulatory ratio ranges. Inversely, the basin will be more circular the greater the value (Miller 1953). The Mandovi river basin's circulatory ratio, which is 0.15, shows that the basin is more elongated in shape.

The form factor, which is referred to as the shape of the basin, was established by dividing the basin area by the square of the basin length (Horton1932, n.d.). The flow intensity of a basin is represented by the form factor. Low-form factors have lower peak flows with longer durations, while high-form factors have greater peak flows with shorter durations 15. The Mandovi river basin has a 0.39 form factor. Lower peak flows with a longer duration are impacting the Mandovi river basin.

The distance that water travels above the earth before it is focused into a specific stream channel (Horton1932, n.d.). This element has a strong negative relationship with the average slope of the channel and is essentially synonymous with the length of sheet flow. It roughly equates to the reciprocal drainage density divided by two (Horton1932, n.d.). The length of the overland flow in the Mandovi river basin is 0.45.

As the inverse of drainage density, the constant of channel maintenance is defined. As erodibility reduces, the constant of channel maintenance also goes down. More area is needed to produce surface flow when C is higher in value. Less percolation or infiltration is possible with lower values of C, which promotes greater surface runoff. The maintenance channel constant fluctuates between 0.90 and 0.95.

To comprehend the geomorphic process and landform characteristics of the river basin that is the focus of the inquiry, basin relief is used. Peak run-off rates and sediment delivery are two indices of basin response where the influence of relief is more significant than other indices since it is closely linked to other basin parameters 8. Since the basin has a relief of 1029 meters, the Mandovi river basin typically experiences higher erosion forces and mean depositional rates.

In general, when the drainage area and river basin size decrease, the relief ratio rises. The relief ratio's maximum value implies a steep slope and high relief, whilst its lowest value denotes a low slope. The Mandovi river basin has a relief ratio of 0.014, which denotes a higher degree of slope in most of the river basin.

When drainage density and basin relief are both measured in the same unit, the result is the ruggedness number 4. There has a very high toughness number value. when the slope is typically steep and both variables are big 13. The roughness Number for the Mandovi river basin is 921.90.