The rapid growth of urbanization, industrialization, an exponential increase in population and change of climate along with uneven distribution of rainfall make proper water management and planning of storage is very challenging. Urban sprawl and growth of population in countries such as India has increased stress of water resource, because of more use for domestic, agriculture and industrial needs 1. The increased use of water has affected and groundwater supplies and it has resulted in an acute water crisis 2. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the assessment of water resources because they play a significant role in the sustainability of livelihood and regional economic activity in the whole world. Water is essential for drought conditions as well as plays a principal role in food security at local to global levels. Today's growth of population and urbanization has led to over-utilization of the resources, thus exerting pressure on the limited civic amenities of an urban area, which are on the threshold of breakdown 3, 4. The water resources with proper prioritization for its sustainable development 5.

The morphometric analysis in important to understand the hydrological behavior of the watershed for the development and management of natural resources 6, 7, 8. The morphometric analysis of watersheds can afford information about the hydrological nature of the rocks exposed within a watershed. Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative description of the drainage system which is an important aspect of the characterization of watershed 9.

Basin map of drainage map can be offered a reliable index of permeability of rocks and their relationship between the type of rock, structure, and hydrological status. Watershed characterization and management requires detailed information for topographic features, analysis drainage network, water divide line, channel length, set up of geomorphologic and geological of the area for proper watershed management and implementation plan in water conservation methods 10.

Recently, Remote sensing data, along with increased resolution from satellite platforms, makes these technologies appear poised to make a better impact on land resource management initiatives involved in monitoring Land use and Land cover mapping and change detection at varying spatial ranges in various regions 1, 2. It has understanding severe stresses due to the combined effects of a growing population and climate change 3. Satellite data provide quick and useful baseline information about the factors controlling the occurrence and movement of groundwater 4, 11, 12.

Hydrological indications are one of the promising scientific tools for the assessment and management of water resources. Drainage morphometric analysis is a prerequisite for selection of water recharge site, watershed modeling, runoff modeling, delineation of watershed, prospect mapping and groundwater modeling 3, 13. The drainage network analysis has performed to understanding geological variation, information of topographical features and basin structure, and their relationship. Geoinformatics tools based drainage basin evaluation has been carried out by several researchers for different terrains. It has proved to be a very scientific tool for the generation of precise and updated information for characterization of drainage basin parameters 3, 14.

The fast-emerging spatial information technology, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS have effective tools to overcome most of the problems of land and water resources planning and management rather than conventional methods of data process 15. Using the LPS method for sensor geometry modeling the extraction of the corresponding DEM produced good results that are suitable for the operational use in the planning and development of natural watersheds. The DEM accuracy, analyzed both at the point mode and the surface mode, produced good results 16. Cartosat-1 stereo data can be considered as high accuracy 17. The images acquired by the satellite can be safely used for the purposes it has been designed for 18, i.e., gathering elevation data with accuracy sufficient for maps with the scale of 1:25,000.

In previous time, topographical map and field survey used for extracting of drainage morphometric parameters. Recently, drainage parameter extractions from the last two decades are more popular from digital topographical information which is called DEM (Digital Elevation Model), which is a very fast, exact, updated, and inexpressive way of watershed analysis.

Digital elevation model(DEM) such as from the Shuttle radar topography mission(SRTM) or the ASTER GDEM product has been used to extracting different geomorphological parameters of drainage basins including drainage networks, catchment divides, slope gradient and aspect and upstream flow contributing areas. GIS-based watershed evaluation using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) and CARTOSAT Data and Shuttle radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data have given a precise fast and an inexpensive way for analyzing hydrological systems. The drainage delineation shows better accuracy and clear demarcation of catchment ridgeline and more reliable flow path prediction in comparison with ASTER. The results qualify Indian DEM for using it operationally which is equivalent and better than the other publicly available DEMs like SRTM and ASTERDEM 19, 20.

Today some researchers have utilized remote sensing data and DEM to extract the catchment hydrological parameters to delineate storage areas. The digital elevation models are a very accurate tool for morphological parameter evaluation and watershed delineation for watershed management 3.

The use of digital elevation model through geographical information system (GIS) is a power full approach in this matter, since automatic methods to analyze topographic features are allowed with both operational and quality advantage while using ASTER GDEM, SRTM, and CARTOSAT Data with GIS techniques is a speed precision, fast and inexpensive way for calculating morphometric analysis. Recently, Numerous studies on morphometric analysis from DEMs have been carried out across the national and international level 10, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53.

Dynamic, low-intensity monsoons create further shortages of surface water supply. As a result, the demand for groundwater resources has increased tremendously from year to year, causing a drastic decline in groundwater levels. Over-exploitation of groundwater has led to the drying up of the aquifer zones in several parts of the country. It is, therefore essential to increase the recharge of the basin for the water management program at watershed level 3, 15.

The present study comes under the semi-arid region and received maximum recharge through rainfall and the area urgently required integrated watershed-based morphometric analysis to understand the physiographic status of the study area. The hydrological analysis of watershed and their morphometric evaluation of Darna watershed, Nashik district of Maharashtra were carried out for water resource management through the use of CARTOSAT DEM, LISS-IV Image, and GIS analysis. The main objective of present the work is to investigate and identify various drainage parameters to understand the geometry of the watershed for the conservation and management of water resources in a sustainable. The result observed in the present work can be the scientific database for further detailed hydrological investigation and finds out the alternative solutions for water harvesting in the study area through the use of water conservation methods (Nala Banding, Counter trenching, check dam, water storage tank) based on observed calculation. Assessment of the watershed has been useful for resource management, planning and implementation of the development of soil and water conservation erosion control in river catchment.

Following methodology was followed for watershed analysis:

Assessment of watershed using quantitative morphometric analysis has described basin geometry to understand initial slope or inequalities in the rock hardness, structural controls, recent diastrophism, geological and geomorphic history of drainage basin 9. A drainage map of a basin provides a reliable index of permeability of the rock and indicates the yield of the basin.

The digital elevation model has been obtained with a pixel size of 30 M. It has used to calculate slope and aspect map of the watershed. A drainage network of development has depended on geology, rainfall apart from endogenic and exogenic forces of the study region.

CARTOSAT DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data has used for extraction of slope, aspect, and morphometric analysis of the watershed. ARC GIS Software has evaluated linear, areal, and relief aspects of the watershed. Recently, Geospatial technology has well-developed, it impacts the analysis of drainage basin has been more accurate and precise for morphometric parameter evaluation with excellent accuracy. Satellite image and geographical information system tools had utilized to extract data on the spatial deviations in drainage characteristics thus providing an insight into hydrologic situation necessary for developing watershed sustainable management 25.

Hydrogeological observations, intergraded with drainage analysis provide useful clues regarding broad relationships among the geological framework of the watershed. Therefore the results reveal different levels of agreement using morphometric analysis, which were supposed to be different from one region to another. Topography and geology are the main factors controlling groundwater storage are different in space and time, and the majority of these factors depend on the following parameters: (1) Vegetation cover is available in the study to regain 54 (2)Precipitation availability as the source of water; (3) drainage characteristics have a role in the distribution of runoff and indicate an infiltration scheme and it governs the behavior of water flow on terrain surface vertically and horizontally (4) rock type for which the lithologic character governs the flow and storage management (5) slope is another influencing factor and it controls water flow energy, which plays a role in facilitating water flow in the basin 3. The morphometric analysis has achieved through measurements of linear, areal and relief aspects of watershed.

Quantitative morphometric analysis of Darna watershed has been carried out to assess the drainage characteristics using ARC GIS Software for calculation and topology building of different morphometric parameters. Linear and aerial parameters and their characters have calculated such as basin area, basin length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency circulatory ratio elongation ratio.

Linear parameters of the study area have been closely related to the channel patterns of the stream network in which the topographic physiognomies of the stream segments in terms of open relations of the drainage system. The details of various morphometric parameters used in the research work Table 3.

Stream ordering is the main process for watershed analysis. In the present study, the stream ordering has been ranked based on a method proposed from the extracting stream from the Cartosat Digital elevation model with using ARC GIS special analyst tools 9, 51 . The whole has classified as a seven basin order with a stream length of 3324.954km.and perimeter of 198.05 sq.km. in the present study the stream. It is noticeably seen that the maximum number of stream was found in the first order and as the stream order increases with a decrease in stream number. It is significant factors the number of streams order has been understanding the physiography and structural condition of the study area. Drainage map with stream order of the Darna watershed (Figure 2).  

1^st to 7^th orders stream has various of the basin. Stream ordering of the Darna watershed was computed using ARC GIS software by applying the law proposed by Horton, 1945 52 says that the numbers of stream sections of each order form an inverse geometric sequence with stream order number. This change in stream orders may indicate flowing of streams from high altitude and lithological variations. The total number of streams in the Darna watershed is 6134 in that 4626 streams are 1^st order,956 2nd order,3^rd order 305, 4^th order 37, 5th order 07, 6^th order 02 and 7^th order 01. The first order streams account for 4826 of the total stream numbers in the Darna watershed. The maximum numbers of 1^st order streams indicated the intensity of permeability and infiltration characteristics of the study area.

Table 3

Stream order	Stream number	Stream length	Mean stream length	Stream length ratio	Bifurcation ratio	Weighted mean bifurcation ratio:	Length of the main channel	Rho coefficient
1	4826	1707.12	0.35	0	0	4.87	103.27	0.58
2	956	802.15	0.84	2.37	5.05
3	305	399.99	1.31	1.56	3.13
4	37	177.59	4.80	3.66	8.24
5	7	92.96	13.28	2.77	5.29
6	2	52.19	26.10	1.97	3.50
7	1	92.95	92.95	3.56	2.00
Total	6134	3324.95	139.63	0.54	27.21	4.87	103.27	0.58

Figure 2

Stream Length ( Lu)

Stream length is the most important hydrological parameter of any river watershed as it reveals surface runoff characteristics of comparatively smaller drainage lengths and characteristics of larger gradients area and fine textures. Longer lengths of streams are generally indicative of flatter gradients. The total length of stream segments is high in first-order streams and decreases as the stream order increase. The number of streams of various orders in the basin is counted and their lengths from mouth to divide are measured with the help of ARC GIS Software. There are a total of 3324.95km length of stream networks extracted from CARTOSAT DEM data. Out of which 3324.95 km (4856) is first order, 1707.1, 802.1, 400.0, 177.6, 93.0, 52.2, 92.9 are 2^nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7^th respectively.

The characteristics and size of a stream segment components and its contributing watershed surface means mean stream length 9 and acquires by dividing the total stream length of an order by total number of stream segments in the subsequent order. The mean stream length of the watershed varies from 0.35 to 92.94. This difference in the values of mean stream length because of variation in slope and topography 9.

The stream length ration may be defined as the ratio of the mean length of the one order to the next lower order of the stream segment. The mean of each consecutive orders of a basin tends to evaluate a direct geomantic series with stream increasing towards higher order of stream. Stream length ratio is changed from one order to another order signifying their late youth stage of geomorphic development 3 50 it is has calculated the stream length ratio differs from 0.35 to 92.94 and understanding the stream length ratio between consecutive stream orders of the basin vary due to differences in gradient and topographical characteristics 13, 50, 64.

Bifurcation ratio which is related to the branching pattern of the drainage network. The term Bifurcation ratio is the number of the stream units of a given order to the number of streams in the subsequent higher order 67. Horton 52 has measured the bifurcation ratio as the index of elevation and it has expressed a small range of differences for the diverse area where the influential structural control dominates 68. Bifurcation ratio values of the Darna river basin ranging between 5.05 and8.24 are considered the characteristics of the basin which have experience minimum structural disturbances 9. The mean bifurcation ratio of the basin has observed as3.89 this indicated that the drainage pattern of the basin has not been affected by structural disturbances. Bifurcation ratio has observed is not the same from one order to its next order. These irregularities has depend upon Geological and lithological development of the watershed.

The basin upper extent to the boundary of the basin has channel longest. GIS software analysis has measured the main channel length is103.27k.m

It is a notable parameter relates drainage density of physiographic growth of a basin which facilitates an assessment of storage ability of stream network hence a reason for eventual degree of drainage development in the watershed 52. This parameter has changed the climatic, geological, biological, geomorphological, and human activities. The Rho coefficient value of the basin is 0.58, it has lower hydrologic storage capacity in the floods period.

The result achieved in this study proposes that morphometric attributes defining basin geometry as well as shape, length of stream, stream network topology and topography dissection can be well retrieved from CARTOSAT data and accomplished to generate data on stream number and basin relief. Various parameters of morphometric like linear, areal, and relief were enumerated and deliberated concerning the hydrological process.

The hydrological analysis carried out for Darna watershed confirms that the watershed is having low relief and elongated shape. The drainage network of the basin reveals mainly dendritic types which indicate the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. Lower drainage density and stream frequency indicate a high permeability rate of the subsurface formation. The observed parameters revel recharge related measures and areas where surface water augmentation measures can be undertaken for water resource management and soil conservation structures. Large scale watershed analysis using Geoinformatics tools and Digital elevation model (DEM) has efficient tools for understanding any terrain parameters such has nature of bedrock, infiltration capacity, surface runoff, etc. which help in better understanding the status of landform and their processes, drainage management and evaluation of groundwater potential for watershed planning and management. Natural resource management at the micro-level of any terrain for sustainable development by planners and decision-makers for sustainable watershed development Programme has used this research work.

The results observed in the present work can be used for site suitability analysis of soil and water conservation structures in the area. Land use and land cover, landforms, geology, water level, and soil in the geoinformatics tools to decide on a suitable site for soil and water conservation methods have integrated with other hydrological information in the area for groundwater development and management. The research study recommended that the watershed needs a hydrological and geophysical investigation in the future for proper water management and selection of artificial groundwater recharge structures within the study area.